REHABILITATION: Early Detection of Psychological Difficulties
Early Detection of Psychological Difficulties
Several programs have been concerned with detecting behavioral problems
in school children. Some programs train teachers to detect the early signs of
maladjustment (Zax and Cowen, 1969; Levine and Graziano, 1972), while
others use brief tests that can be easily scored (Cowen, 1973). Both types of
programs seek to identify early signs of maladjustment so that children can
be referred for remediation before their problems become relatively insurmountable.
The Consultation
Psychologists and psychiatrists are often consulted by a variety of other professionals and organizations.
They may be consulted by teachers on how to increase children's motivation, or about how to handle a particular child's problem in the classroom rather than at the clinic. They will often be consulted
by industry about how to make working conditions more pleasant, and how to reduce executive stress.
One ingenious example of consultation has arisen in the training of police
who are often called to mediate family quarrels. Family quarrels are a major
source of assaults and homicides. They are dangerous, not only for the participants,
but also for those who intervene. Many police have been assaulted
while attempting to calm family conflicts. In one New York City precinct,
police were given extensive training by psychologists on how to intervene in
these family quarrels, and then worked as family crisis-intervention teams
in that precinct. In contrast to the police in the neighboring precinct, who
were not given such training and who both suffered and witnessed the same
amount of violence that is usually associated with such calls, the trained police
fared much better. In the next 1388 calls to intervene in family crises,
trained team members did not suffer an assault, did not witness a family
homicide, and were able to markedly reduce the number of assaults on family
members (Bard, 1970). The enormous success of this program in New
York City has led to its wider adoption. The positive results strongly support
the idea of providing psychological consultation for other service agencies.
REHABILITATION
Until quite recently, as we have seen, treatment and rehabilitation of those
who were seriously distressed was in the hands of professional psychologists
and psychiatrists and was conducted mainly in psychiatric hospitals. But
partly because of shortages of fully qualified personnel, and partly because hospitals
have serious shortcomings as treatment centers for the psychologically
distressed, community psychologists have devised other settings in
which such people and problems can be treated. They have trained nonprofessionals
to deal with these problems. They have established alternative
treatment centers such as halfway houses, residential treatment programs,
and day and night hospitals. And they have encouraged patients and former
patients to establish self-help groups, designed to find employment for and
combat discrimination against, those who suffer or have suffered serious
psychological distress.
Training Nonprofessionals
It takes a long time to become a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker.
Not many people have the time or resources to undertake such training, and
as a result, there are far too few trained people to meet current need. Recently,
there have been increasing efforts to train paraprofessionals in this
area. Whether through on-the-job training, or in undergraduate and junior
colleges, these paraprofessionals are trained to take over some of the functions
of the professional. Trained paraprofessionals can interview, test,
make home visits, and often handle social and vocational rehabilitation
under the supervision of psychologists or psychiatrists. They can serve as
aides and attendants in psychiatric hospitals. And indeed, some studies have
shown that paraprofessionals can be trained to be good therapists (Rioch,
1967). Though their training is narrower than that of fully qualified professionals,
and though they can perform fewer tasks, a variety of studies have
indicated that what they do, they do quite well (Rioch, 1967; Brown, 1974).
Moreover, they vastly increase the number of people who can be treated,
enabling professionals to reserve their skills for complicated problems, for
consultation and supervision, and for training.
Several programs have been concerned with detecting behavioral problems
in school children. Some programs train teachers to detect the early signs of
maladjustment (Zax and Cowen, 1969; Levine and Graziano, 1972), while
others use brief tests that can be easily scored (Cowen, 1973). Both types of
programs seek to identify early signs of maladjustment so that children can
be referred for remediation before their problems become relatively insurmountable.
The Consultation
Psychologists and psychiatrists are often consulted by a variety of other professionals and organizations.
They may be consulted by teachers on how to increase children's motivation, or about how to handle a particular child's problem in the classroom rather than at the clinic. They will often be consulted
by industry about how to make working conditions more pleasant, and how to reduce executive stress.
One ingenious example of consultation has arisen in the training of police
who are often called to mediate family quarrels. Family quarrels are a major
source of assaults and homicides. They are dangerous, not only for the participants,
but also for those who intervene. Many police have been assaulted
while attempting to calm family conflicts. In one New York City precinct,
police were given extensive training by psychologists on how to intervene in
these family quarrels, and then worked as family crisis-intervention teams
in that precinct. In contrast to the police in the neighboring precinct, who
were not given such training and who both suffered and witnessed the same
amount of violence that is usually associated with such calls, the trained police
fared much better. In the next 1388 calls to intervene in family crises,
trained team members did not suffer an assault, did not witness a family
homicide, and were able to markedly reduce the number of assaults on family
members (Bard, 1970). The enormous success of this program in New
York City has led to its wider adoption. The positive results strongly support
the idea of providing psychological consultation for other service agencies.
REHABILITATION
Until quite recently, as we have seen, treatment and rehabilitation of those
who were seriously distressed was in the hands of professional psychologists
and psychiatrists and was conducted mainly in psychiatric hospitals. But
partly because of shortages of fully qualified personnel, and partly because hospitals
have serious shortcomings as treatment centers for the psychologically
distressed, community psychologists have devised other settings in
which such people and problems can be treated. They have trained nonprofessionals
to deal with these problems. They have established alternative
treatment centers such as halfway houses, residential treatment programs,
and day and night hospitals. And they have encouraged patients and former
patients to establish self-help groups, designed to find employment for and
combat discrimination against, those who suffer or have suffered serious
psychological distress.
Training Nonprofessionals
It takes a long time to become a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker.
Not many people have the time or resources to undertake such training, and
as a result, there are far too few trained people to meet current need. Recently,
there have been increasing efforts to train paraprofessionals in this
area. Whether through on-the-job training, or in undergraduate and junior
colleges, these paraprofessionals are trained to take over some of the functions
of the professional. Trained paraprofessionals can interview, test,
make home visits, and often handle social and vocational rehabilitation
under the supervision of psychologists or psychiatrists. They can serve as
aides and attendants in psychiatric hospitals. And indeed, some studies have
shown that paraprofessionals can be trained to be good therapists (Rioch,
1967). Though their training is narrower than that of fully qualified professionals,
and though they can perform fewer tasks, a variety of studies have
indicated that what they do, they do quite well (Rioch, 1967; Brown, 1974).
Moreover, they vastly increase the number of people who can be treated,
enabling professionals to reserve their skills for complicated problems, for
consultation and supervision, and for training.
BPD APD NPD Treatment explained here:
http://treating-borderline-personality.weebly.com
More info below:
Healing the Unconscious...Looking for therapy?
For the spouse of a Borderline
For Borderline patients or BPD APD NPD
The Treatment method I recommend
is The Liberator Method.
Click here:
http://www.theliberatormethod.com/Welcome.html
http://treating-borderline-personality.weebly.com
More info below:
Healing the Unconscious...Looking for therapy?
For the spouse of a Borderline
For Borderline patients or BPD APD NPD
The Treatment method I recommend
is The Liberator Method.
Click here:
http://www.theliberatormethod.com/Welcome.html